Why Male Contraception Matters to Me
For me, masculinity is not only about strength, ambition, or financial provision. It is about being accountable for the consequences of your actions.
Today, women carry most of the physical and hormonal burden of contraception. They accept health risks, manage side effects, and often carry the anxiety of unintended pregnancy alone.
Male contraception gives men the opportunity to say:
“I will take responsibility too.”
This is not about control.
It is about partnership.
About trust.
About maturity.

When a man participates in reproductive responsibility, he shows care not only in words, but in action.
Why It Is Especially Important in KazakhstanIn Kazakhstan, traditional gender roles remain strong. Men are expected to provide. Women are expected to maintain the family. Yet modern reality has changed — women work, build careers, and often carry a double burden: professional and domestic.
Despite this, contraception is still widely seen as a “woman’s issue.” Men are rarely involved in the conversation.

At the same time, open discussions about sexual health are limited. There is still discomfort, stigma, and misinformation. This creates distance between partners.
When a man voluntarily takes part in contraception, it changes the dynamic. It creates balance. It reduces tension. It strengthens trust.
In a society experiencing rising divorce rates and emotional strain within families, shared responsibility can make a meaningful difference.
​
Cultural and Medical Considerations
In Kazakhstan, it is important to consider:

• Respect for religious and family values
• Fear of losing fertility
• Concerns that contraception could affect masculinity
• General caution toward new medical technologies

Transparency, scientific evidence, and education will be essential.
A man does not become less masculine by taking responsibility for family planning. On the contrary, it is a sign of maturity.

My Hope for the Future
I want my children to grow up in a society where responsibility is normal, not exceptional.
I hope that contraception will no longer be seen as a woman’s burden, but as a shared partnership tool.
Male contraception is not about replacing women’s methods. It is about balance.
True strength is not only the ability to provide.
It is the ability to protect.
And to take responsibility for your choices.
Responsibility begins with choice.

​

Male Contraceptive Methods: Understanding Men and Women's Views and Related Relationship Dynamics via Nationally Representative Surveys in Six Countries
This MCI and Gates-supported international survey of thousands of men and their female partners reveals strong global support for shared contraceptive responsibility, but also highlights common concerns about potential side effects and performance, which must be addressed in the rollout of new male methods.


Sperm capacitation triggers transcriptomic changes linked to the proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent catabolic pathway
This paper adds to the growing body of evidence suggesting that the ubiquitin/proteasome protein degradation pathway plays an important role in the functionality of mature sperm, which suggests the exciting possibility that targeted degraders like PROTACs and molecular glues, which use the ubiquitin/proteasome system to degrade proteins of interest, could be a powerful new drug development approach for male contraceptives.

Through this experience, Ayaan recognized how the majority of the burden of contraception is
placed on women and people with uteruses. Achieving reproductive and bodily autonomy for
everyone is important, and should not be exclusive to a certain sex and gender. Men are an
important part of family planning, yet are often left out of the conversation and limited in the
contraception options available to them. There are many different contraceptive methods
available to women and people with uteruses. Men and those who produce sperm deserve to have
the same broad variety of contraceptive methods to choose from. Investing in male contraception
methods and further research moves us one step closer to gender equity and sharing the burden
of contraception. To achieve reproductive autonomy for all, we must raise awareness about the
significant public health impact of investing in male contraceptive research. 
​​

Ayaan Hawkins Regis is a second-year Master of Public Health student at the Gillings School of
Global Public Health at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, specializing in maternal,
child, and family health. Ayaan attended the University of South Carolina for her undergraduate
studies, where she earned a degree in Women’s and Gender Studies, with a minor in Health
Promotion, Education, and Behavior. ​

Our current reproductive health landscape places contraceptive responsibility almost entirely on women and people with uteruses. Women are expected to carry the full weight of preventing pregnancy often through methods that are costly, invasive, or have side effects. This results in an inequitable system that reinforces long standing gender and social disparities.This imbalance creates cascading challenges throughout the reproductive health system, including increased reliance on emergency contraception when other methods fail or are inaccessible.​

Emergency contraception plays a critical role in preventing unintended pregnancy, but its effectiveness is limited by barriers in access, awareness, cost and stigma. Women and couples typically turn to emergency contraception following contraceptive failure, unprotected sex, sexual assault, or in cases where infrequent sexual activity makes emergency contraception a practical primary method. 
​
The American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists, the leading professional membership organization for ob-gyns, identified these barriers in its Committee Opinion 707, Access to Emergency Contraception. ACOG defines emergency contraception as a contraceptive method used to prevent pregnancy in the first few days after unprotected intercourse, sexual assault, or contraceptive failure. ACOG notes that the copper IUD is the most effective form of emergency contraception; however, relying on the copper IUD requires a method that is invasive, costly, not accessible to everyone, and presents issues with side-effects. ​

​

About the Author: Jaylan Weaver is a Master of Public Health Student at the University of Maryland and a Program Specialist at the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). His work in reproductive health began with Male Contraceptive Initiative, where he explored how expanding contraceptive options for men could address unintended pregnancy and support reproductive autonomy. This experience shaped his understanding of how contraceptive responsibility is distributed across genders. ​

​

Even today, despite growing interest as demonstrated by a multi-country assessment, the annual global funding for male contraceptive research remains minuscule compared to female-focused options; an issue that will only be further exacerbated by projected changes due to recent funding reductions. While MCI is proud to be the second largest funder of male contraception in the world (with the US National Institutes of Health being the largest), our funding capacity (while dedicated) is limited to an average of about $1.5 million per year -- far less than what is required to support expensive clinical-stage studies. 
The result of the historical underfunding? After more than half a century of progress in reproductive health, men are still limited to two choices:

• Condoms, a single-use barrier method that fails about 13% of the time with typical use, and about which many have concerns related to sensation.
• Vasectomy, a highly effective surgical procedure that, while potentially reversible, is meant to be permanent.

Several factors explain this gap:

• Perceived Market Doubts: Funders and pharmaceutical companies have historically questioned whether men would willingly take responsibility for birth control, ignoring research that consistently shows strong interest. 
• Cultural Norms: For decades, contraception has been framed as “women’s responsibility,” creating a cycle where funding follows entrenched expectations. Again–we now know that men AND women do want more male options. 
• Risk-Averse Pharma: Developing new drugs is expensive, the regulatory pathway for male contraceptives is not clearly defined, and many companies hesitate to invest in products that challenge social norms or lack clear precedent.
  
  

An Unprecedent Funding Landscape 

A year or so ago, the “funding gap” would have been the whole story. 
But since January 2025, the United States has slashed funding of international family planning programs, and there is concern about similar effects in the US due to cuts to healthcare access and research. 
With the Dobbs decision already affecting the landscape for reproductive care access in the US, the cuts and policy changes have also made research in general, and specifically in sexual and reproductive health, underfunded and challenging. 
Now, in addition to all the existing challenges related to male contraception, we have roadblocks related to all contraceptive development. We need to support existing and better methods of contraception across the board, but in addition, supporting new methods of male contraception can help fill the gaps we will increasingly encounter with female contraception. 

What We’re Missing Out On

Research pipelines already include promising male options: Nonhormonal options, including vas-occlusive devices like ADAM and Plan A, pharmaceutical products like YCT529 and Sacyl,  thermal methods, and a hormonal gel, NES/T, are all moving through the development pipeline, in addition to other, earlier stage methods. These methods would allow men to prevent pregnancies, either with or without female partners also contracepting. Modeling efforts estimate that introducing more methods of male contraception could decrease unintended pregnancies by as much as 38% with even a modest 10% uptake by interested men. 
Many of these methods, like NES/T, YCT529, and ADAM, have shown strong results in early trials, and others are about to move into trials, but progress will stall if studies can’t secure the funding needed to move into larger-scale testing.

Male contraception could revolutionize family planning. By broadening options, we could:

• Share responsibility more equitably between partners.
• Reduce unintended pregnancies, which remain high globally, at about 48%. 
• Provide men with more agency over their reproductive futures.
• Help fill the ongoing and worsening female contraception gaps.
  
  

A Call for Investment

Underfunded male contraceptive research isn’t just a medical or gender issue. As long as contraceptive funding, male and otherwise, is limited, women will continue to bear the disproportionate physical, financial, and emotional costs of contraception, and men will continue to face a lack of reproductive autonomy. 
Advocates, researchers, and policymakers are working towards making more methods available and advocating for societal acceptability. Based on current trajectory, male methods could be on the market in the next 5-10 years–but only if we keep pushing the field forward.

The science is ready, the interest exists, but funding hasn’t caught up. Until it does, men will remain stuck with few contraceptive options and none that are long-term and reversible. Women, in our current reproductive landscape, will continue facing access challenges, a lack of innovation, and higher unintended pregnancy rates. 
​
This World Contraception Day, join us in advocating for increased contraceptive funding, friendlier policies, and reproductive autonomy for all. 
​

​I’m incredibly thankful to MCI, the YAB, and everyone who made the conference possible! It showed me that change is happening, and I believe male contraception is only going to become more central to conversations about reproductive health in the coming years!

Identification of TSSK1 and TSSK2 as Novel Targets for Male Contraception
Highlighting MCI Grantee Pablo Visconti and MCI Fellow Saman Nayyab, this publication validates the targets TSSK1 and TSSK2 as potential routes towards a male contraceptive using a mouse knockout model. 
 
Standardized outcome measures for reporting results from male contraceptive efficacy trials
For male contraceptive studies that suppress spermatogenesis, contraceptive failures can occur in three distinct ways. This publication argues that these three types of contraceptive failure differ from female contraceptives studies and necessitate a novel approach to reporting results from male contraceptive efficacy trials.
 
Strategies to Develop Na,K-ATPase-α4 Inhibitors as Male Contraceptives
 This paper, from the labs of MCI grantees Gunda Georg and Gustavo Blanco, details the synthesis and testing of a new series of inhibitors for the sperm-specific isoform of the sodium/potassium cotransporter.  Mouse knockouts of this isoform have shown infertility as a result of sperm immotility, and the investigators are aiming to develop a drug that similarly inhibits sperm motility or hyperactivation.
 
Development of Male Contraceptives Is Critical for Women's Health
This commentary from Dr. Wei Yan at Washington State University argues that male contraceptive development should be recognized as an essential component of women’s health research and policy.

Capacitation, generally speaking, is the change sperm undergo in the female reproductive tract that enables them to penetrate and fertilize an egg.

​This step is a biochemical event; the sperm moves normally and looks mature prior to capacitation. It is important to note that once the sperm reaches the egg, it does not mean that it is capable of fertilizing it immediately. In order to fertilize the egg, the sperm must undergo the process of capacitation in the reproductive tract where a number of enzymes and signaling molecules are involved. This process can take around 10 hours, which means that the fertilization time is approximately 24 hours.

Capacitation causes a series of changes in sperm’s biochemical composition and structure such that they develop increased motility and are prepared for interactions with the egg (or oocyte) at fertilization. Essentially, the sperm becomes able to break through the membrane (known as the zona pellucida) that surrounds the egg. Once sperm is able to traverse the zona pellucida, it can begin the process of fertilizing the egg.

It is also important to consider the two distinct types of fertilization when thinking about capacitation and how it occurs:

• For in vivo fertilization, or fertilization happening in living organisms, capacitation occurs after ejaculation when sperm leaves the vagina and enters later sections of female reproductive tract. The uterus aids in the steps of capacitation by secreting sterol-binding albumin, lipoproteins, and certain enzymes.
• For in vitro fertilization, or assistive reproductive technologies, capacitation occurs by incubating spermatozoa that have either undergone ejaculation or have been extracted from the epididymis and incubated outside the body. In this process, an ovum or ova is also removed from the woman's ovaries and co-incubated with sperm for fertilization before being implanted into the female body.

Nuts & Bolts: Capacitation

To learn more about, please visit our series of posts about male reproduction and contraception:

Key terms:

Albumin - a protein made by your liver that helps keep fluid in your bloodstream so it doesn't leak into other tissues. Albumin also carries various substances throughout your body, including hormones, vitamins, and enzymes.

Biochemical - relating to the chemical processes and substances which occur within living organisms.

Conception - the process of becoming pregnant involving fertilization or implantation or both.

Ejaculation - the action of ejecting semen from the body.

Endocrine System - a chemical messenger system consisting of hormones, the group of glands of an organism that secrete those hormones directly into the circulatory system to regulate the function of distant target organs, and the feedback loops which modulate hormone release so that homeostasis is maintained.

Enzyme - a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.

Epididymis - a highly convoluted duct behind the testis, along which sperm passes to the vas deferens.

In vitro fertilization - process of fertilisation where an egg is combined with sperm outside the body.

In vivo fertilization - fusion of sperm with egg occurs within the body of a female.

Lipoprotein - any of a group of soluble proteins that combine with and transport fat or other lipids in the blood plasma.

Oocyte - a cell in an ovary which may undergo meiotic division to form an ovum.

Spermatozoa - the mature motile male sex cells of an animal, by which the ovum is fertilized, typically having a compact head and one or more long flagella for swimming.

​Zona pellucida - the thick transparent membrane surrounding a mammalian ovum before implantation.

For additional terminology related to male contraception and the male reproductive system, please visit our glossary:

Sources/References:

Johnson MH (2007). Essential reproduction (6th ed.). Malden Massachusetts: Blackwell Scientific Publications. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-1-4051-1866-8.

Okabe M (2013). "The cell biology of mammalian fertilization". Development. 140 (22): 4471–4479. doi:10.1242/dev.090613. PMID 24194470. S2CID 2015865.

Visconti PE, Galantino-Homer H, Moore GD, Bailey JL, Ning X, Fornes M, Kopf GS (1998). "The molecular basis of sperm capacitation". Journal of Andrology. 19 (2): 242–248. doi:10.1002/j.1939-4640.1998.tb01994.x (inactive 2021-01-10).

Puga Molina LC, Luque GM, Balestrini PA, Marín-Briggiler CI, Romarowski A, Buffone MG (2018). "Molecular Basis of Human Sperm Capacitation". Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 6: 72. doi:10.3389/fcell.2018.00072. PMC 6078053. PMID 30105226.

Lybaert P, Danguy A, Leleux F, Meuris S, Lebrun P (2009). "Improved methodology for the detection and quantification of the acrosome reaction in mouse spermatozoa". Histology and Histopathology. 24 (8): 999–1007. doi:10.14670/HH-24.999. PMID 19554507.

Chang MC (1951). "Fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa deposited into the fallopian tubes". Nature. 168 (4277): 697–698. Bibcode:1951Natur.168..697C. doi:10.1038/168697b0. PMID 14882325. S2CID 4180774.

Visconti PE, Bailey JL, Moore GD, Pan D, Olds-Clarke P, Kopf GS (April 1995). "Capacitation of mouse spermatozoa. I. Correlation between the capacitation state and protein tyrosine phosphorylation". Development. 121 (4): 1129–37. PMID 7743926.

​Visconti PE, Moore GD, Bailey JL, Leclerc P, Connors SA, Pan D, Olds-Clarke P, Kopf GS (April 1995). "Capacitation of mouse spermatozoa. II. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation and capacitation are regulated by a cAMP-dependent pathway" (PDF). Development. 121 (4): 1139–50. PMID 7538069.

For additional publications related to male contraception and the male reproductive system, please visit our publications page:

Vasectomy and condoms are the only current options for male contraception. The most popular form of long-acting male contraception is a vasectomy. Unfortunately, vasectomies are not considered truly reversible. Reversal of a vasectomy is often expensive, and requires a long surgery by a specialized provider.

Even if a vasectomy is successfully reversed, pregnancy rates after reversal will range from about 30% to over 90%, depending on the type of procedure. (Please note: many factors affect whether a reversal is successful in achieving pregnancy, including time since a vasectomy, partner age, surgeon experience and training, and whether the individual had fertility issues before getting a vasectomy.)

Researchers are currently working on vas-occlusion devices that will be truly reversible in the future. Additionally, other male contraceptive options are working their way down the pipeline.

In the meantime, here are 10 facts about the most reliable form of male birth control existing today:
​10. Vasectomies are generally very safe, and complications are rare.
9. Men who get a vasectomy say that they feel more free when having sex with their partner because they don’t have to worry about an unplanned pregnancy.
8. Getting a vasectomy is a simple outpatient procedure.
7. Approximately half a million men get the procedure each year in the U.S. – They are even more popular in the time around March Madness, where men can recover while watching the NCAA basketball tournament.
6. Vasectomy does not affect semen production. Instead, it prevents sperm from being transported to mix with other seminal fluids. Men who have vasectomies still experience normal orgasms!
5. It’s possible to reverse a vasectomy if a man changes his mind later and decides to have children. However, reversal success rates can vary between 40-90%. Researchers are working on vas-occlusive devices, which act like a vasectomy, but are intended to be truly reversible. Ultimately, only up to around 6% of men request a reversal.
4. Vasectomies do not affect a man’s sexual function, sex drive or sex life, and men are speaking out about their experiences to destigmatize the procedure.
3. The procedure and recovery is usually painless, and men generally experience minimal, if any, side effects.
2. Vasectomies are ~99% effective at preventing unplanned pregnancies.
1. Every year, men and women globally celebrate World Vasectomy Day.

Male Contraceptive Initiative is making new options for men. While currently men have limited options for contraception, Male Contraceptive Initiative provides advocacy and funding support for research into non-hormonal, long-acting reversible male options. Ultimately, we’re after a menu of options that meet the needs of all people and help us achieve our vision of “Reproductive Autonomy for All”. Join us in helping to make that a reality and get involved today!

(This post was updated on March 4, 2025)

Nuts & Bolts: 10 Facts About Vasectomy

Nuts & Bolts: Vasectomy

Nuts & Bolts: Vas Deferens

To learn more about, please visit our series of posts about male reproduction and contraception:

For additional terminology related to male contraception and the male reproductive system, please visit our glossary:

For additional publications related to male contraception and the male reproductive system, please visit our publications page:

The prostate is part of the male reproductive system. A walnut-sized gland located between the male bladder and the penis, the prostate sits just in front of the rectum. The urethra runs from the bladder to the penis, through the center of the prostate.​

The prostate secretes fluid that nourishes and protects sperm after ejaculation. The milky fluid produced by the prostate – prostatic fluid – makes up around 30 percent of the total fluid ejaculated (the rest is sperm and fluid from the seminal vesicles).

Prostatic fluid protects sperm, helping them live longer and be more mobile. It contains a number of ingredients, including enzymes, zinc, and citric acid. One of the enzymes in prostatic fluid is prostate-specific antigen (PSA). After ejaculation, PSA makes thickened semen runnier, helping sperm travel through it more easily, increasing their likelihood of successfully fertilizing an egg.

During ejaculation, the prostate squeezes prostatic fluid into the urethra, and it is expelled with sperm as part of semen. This is a key part of male reproduction. Studying the components of prostatic fluid and how it protects sperm could provide new information that can be optimized for male birth control and contraception.
​
Learn more about male contraceptive methods in the research and development pipeline today. And please consider supporting MCI’s work providing advocacy and funding support for the development of new methods of male contraception in order to make “Reproductive Autonomy for All” a reality by donating or exploring other ways to get involved today!

(This post was updated on March 5, 2025)

Nuts & Bolts: Prostate

To learn more about, please visit our series of posts about male reproduction and contraception:

For additional terminology related to male contraception and the male reproductive system, please visit our glossary:

For additional publications related to male contraception and the male reproductive system, please visit our publications page:

​The Male Contraceptive Initiative website provides a robust variety of information about the male birth control research and development ecosystem. We recommend visiting the following pages to help enrich your understanding of this critically important field:

Unintended pregnancies remain a persistent global health challenge, highlighting the critical need for more diverse contraceptive options for men. Currently, available choices are limited, with condoms and vasectomy serving as the primary options. Male Contraceptive Initiative (MCI) plays a vital role in addressing this need by funding research and advocating for safe, effective, and reversible contraceptive solutions for sperm-producing individuals. Our grantmaking strategy is evolving to optimize our impact in the field, as reflected in our 2025 Request for Applications (RFA).

The concept of a "funnel" is often used to describe the stages of research and development. Projects begin at the starting point, represented by the wide end of the funnel - early discovery and basic research. As individual projects demonstrate promise, they progress down the narrowing funnel, and funding becomes more focused on the projects that can continue into late-stage development and clinical trials with the intent of a marketed product coming out at the end.

​Our grantmaking approach at MCI embraces the concept of a development funnel. Multiple projects in the nonhormonal male contraceptive field are in active development, and a small bolus of programs have moved from the wide, discovery end of the funnel toward the middle stages of drug development. It is this first generation of products that we choose to support into and through clinical trials. This strategic prioritization is especially important because support for male contraceptives is fragmented, and unreliable funding streams exist for companies focused in this particularly risky stage of drug development. By enhancing our focus on the stages of development where we see opportunity, we aim to 1) support programs advancing to the point where they are eligible for other funding streams including venture capital (VC) funding, 2) accelerate the development of multiple product types, and 3) bring new products to market more efficiently.

Male Contraceptive Priorities
Our 2025 RFA includes key changes that illustrate this evolution in our funding priorities:

1. Emphasis on Nonclinical Development
This RFA supports research on preclinical, drug-based, non-hormonal, reversible male contraceptives, specifically in stages ranging from hit-to-lead chemistry up to IND-enabling studies. This is a prioritization of projects that have progressed beyond early-stage discovery in male contraceptive research, but are not yet advanced to clinical status and are positioned to generate development candidate molecules. In supporting this stage, MCI is particularly interested in generating drug candidates appropriate for Good Laboratory Practice / Good Manufacturing Practice (GLP/GMP) stage development and IND-enabling studies - crucial steps in non-hormonal contraceptive drug development, and places where there is a small appetite from VC for programs that have advanced to this level of development. 

2. More Specific Eligibility Criteria
The eligibility criteria for our 2025 RFA are also more stringent than in previous announcements. For example, the RFA specifies many exclusion criteria that help to illustrate our focus on the critical preclinical development phase. It also specifies many new exclusion criteria that help to narrow the focus towards products with the highest chances of success both in development and marketing.

3. Focus on Drug-Based Contraceptives
Our 2025 RFA focuses very specifically on non-hormonal drug-based male contraceptives. This is a continuation of many of MCI’s stated priorities, but in this particular RFA we intend to hone our focus on generating novel male contraceptive drugs with mechanisms of action, delivery modalities, or other characteristics that make a unique product profile, thus working towards building a pipeline of diverse products for men. While this RFA’s focus on drug-based approaches excludes device development, it does not dampen our existing support or overall enthusiasm for device-based products, but rather seeks to bring about a bolus of novel pharmacological products.

4. Flexible Project Budgets
Previous RFAs from MCI contained multiple funding tracks. This year, we are offering applicants the chance to name their budget within a specified range as a single funding track. We encourage applicants to carefully assess their project needs and propose a budget that is realistically aligned with their specific research activities and timelines. 

While we are committed to maximizing the impact of our funding, we also recognize the importance of leveraging additional resources within the field. Therefore, cost sharing is viewed favorably, as this not only extends the reach of our funding but also indicates broader support and commitment to the project's success.

5. Detailed Project Requirements
Our 2025 RFA includes detailed requirements for project proposals. In addition to our continued requests for a detailed project management plan with quantifiable milestones, we expect applicants to provide a comprehensive rationale for their proposed target and a well-defined Target Product Profile (TPP) outlining the desired characteristics of the final contraceptive product.

Why We Are Narrowing the Funnel
There are several reasons for this shift in our funding strategy:

1. Accelerating Progress
By focusing on projects in translational development, we aim to accelerate the timeline for bringing new male contraceptives to market. This strategic shift acknowledges the urgency of addressing the unmet need for more contraceptive options.

2. Increasing Efficiency
Concentrating resources on translational or otherwise pre-clinical development can be a more efficient use of funding. Projects in clinical stages generally require significant resources beyond the capacity of MCI, and are also appropriate for other funding streams such as VC investment. Similarly, projects that have already demonstrated proof-of-concept are more likely to succeed, reducing the risk of investing in research that may not yield results.

3. Attracting Additional Investment
A strong pipeline of preclinical candidates can attract further investment from other sources, such as pharmaceutical companies and venture capitalists. By de-risking early-stage development, we can pave the way for the larger investments needed to support clinical trials and commercialization.

4. Demonstrating Impact
Ultimately, our goal is to have a tangible impact on global health by increasing the availability of male contraceptives. By focusing on projects with a clear path to clinical translation, we can more effectively demonstrate our impact to donors, partners, and the public.

 Conclusion
Our decision to narrow our funding funnel reflects an evolution in our grantmaking. By prioritizing preclinical development and focusing on projects with a path to clinical translation, we aim to accelerate the development of new male contraceptives and address a critical global health need. 

​​This blog series highlights pertinent publications that were featured in MCI's monthly newsletter editions in the first quarter of 2025. The purpose of this blog is to report interesting or relevant work from MCI Fellows, Grantees, staff members, and other community authors in the field of male contraception.

This review, by several MCI grantees and luminaries in the field, summarizes the history and current status of YCT-529, an MCI-funded nonhormonal contraceptive currently in early clinical trials. Researchers have identified retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα) as a promising target for non-hormonal male contraception. A new compound, YCT-529, selectively inhibits RARα and has shown strong results in mice—effectively inducing reversible infertility without affecting overall health. Now advancing through clinical development, YCT-529 could mark a major breakthrough in expanding male birth control options.​

Following the Dobbs ruling and the overturning of Roe v. Wade, reports have shown a rise in interest in permanent contraception methods, including vasectomy. This paper, with a lead author from MCI’s Youth Advisory Board, dives deeper, analyzing Google Trends and web traffic data that reveal a significant spike in public interest in novel male contraceptive options. Searches for "male birth control" more than doubled, and visits to male contraception websites surged, underscoring a growing demand for new methods in a shifting reproductive health landscape.

This research, from the lab of MCI Grantee Jean-Ju Chung, has uncovered the critical role of the CatSperε subunit in the assembly and function of the sperm-specific CatSper calcium channel, essential for male fertility. The study shows that CatSperε’s extracellular domains are required for proper channel formation and activity during sperm capacitation. Male mice lacking this subunit are sterile, and attempts to restore function without the full protein failed. However, introducing a fragment of CatSperε during capacitation disrupted channel activity—offering a potential new target for non-hormonal male contraceptives.

This publication outlines the preclinical development of ADAM, an injectable, two-component hydrogel designed for long-lasting and nonpermanent vas-occlusive contraception by MCI partner Contraline. Preclinical testing shows the gel is safe, durable, and selectively permeable—blocking sperm while allowing fluid flow. It forms quickly after injection, withstands normal pressures, and caused no significant adverse reactions in a 2-year canine study. ADAM offers hope for a long-lasting, reversible male contraceptive and is a strong candidate for future clinical trials.

This review from the lab of MCI grantee and collaborator Dr. Gunda Georg highlights the promising potential of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) inhibitors as non-hormonal male contraceptives. Originally developed for cancer treatment, these compounds are now being explored for their ability to disrupt sperm development. The review covers the evolution of CDK2 inhibitors, current clinical trials, and innovative strategies like allosteric and covalent inhibitors, opening exciting possibilities for future male contraceptive options.

This paper, from the lab of 2025 MCI Grantee Dr. Steven Tang, reveals how a naturally occurring antisperm antibody, OBF13, can block fertilization by binding to an allosteric site on murine sperm IZUMO1. This binding prevents a critical conformational change needed for IZUMO1 to interact with the egg receptor JUNO, disrupting sperm–egg adhesion and fusion. The study provides key structural insights into species-specific fertilization and highlights the potential of immunocontraceptives and immuno-infertility diagnostics.

Are there any interesting publications about non-hormonal, reversible male contraception that you'd like to see featured? Please reach out to us and share your thoughts!

​Spermatogenesis is the creation of mature sperm from germ cells. Early-stage germ cells, called spermatagonia, reside in the periphery of seminiferous tubules of the testis. This population contains both stem cells and differentiating spermatogonia, which undergo a series of mitotic divisions to amplify the number of cells. Germ cells then enter meiosis, the second phase of spermatogenesis, and are called spermatocytes.  During meiosis, genetic recombination occurs and spermatocytes undergo two divisions which halves the number of chromosomes present in each cell.

During spermiogenesis, the final phase of spermatogenesis, haploid germ cells (spermatids) undergo extensive changes and become more like what we think of as traditional sperm, with tails and other structures like the acrosome.

Finally, the non-motile spermatozoa are transported to the epididymis. Sperm undergo a maturation process as they transit the epididymis. As a result, they acquire the capacity for forward motility and become capable of fertilization.

One way to influence spermatogenesis is through the manipulation of hormone levels. There are ongoing clinical trials focused on creating hormonal male contraceptives, but there are multiple non-hormonal approaches to stop spermatogenesis or interfere with epididymal maturation.

A drug that stops spermatogenesis would have interesting characteristics, including a potential onset time of 2-3 months . This is because it takes quite some time for sperm to develop and get ready for action, and even after ceasing spermatogenesis, all of the existing sperm in the pipeline would still remain.
​
MCI has funded projects in this space, such as Gunda Georg at University of Minnesota and her work on TSSK1/2. Other projects at institutions worldwide are focused on diverse approaches to temporarily disrupt spermatogenesis or epididymal maturation so that functional sperm are not produced.

Reproduction is a big, complicated machine, with lots of ways to put a temporary hold on the process. Preventing spermatogenesis is one way that to make the next generation of male contraceptives. Other projects focused on preventing sperm transport, sperm motility, and fertilization are all being actively pursued.
​
Together, we’re hopeful that these scientific ventures create multiple forms of male contraception with diverse product profiles that meet the needs of more users

​(This post was updated on March 10, 2025)

Nuts & Bolts: Spermatogenesis

To learn more about, please visit our series of posts about male reproduction and contraception:

For additional terminology related to male contraception and the male reproductive system, please visit our glossary:

For additional publications related to male contraception and the male reproductive system, please visit our publications page:

​The Male Contraceptive Initiative website provides a robust variety of information about the male birth control research and development ecosystem. We recommend visiting the following pages to help enrich your understanding of this critically important field:

We acknowledge that a person's sex and gender are two different things, as discussed here. Sex is defined as, "either of the two major forms of individuals that occur in many species and that are distinguished respectively as female or male, especially on the basis of their reproductive organs and structures."

​In this article, we will be referring to "male" and "female" in reference to the scientific classification of a reproductive system and not a person's gender identity.

Sperm
Sperm is the male reproductive cell or gamete, a microscopic cell with a head and tail that looks like a tadpole.

This determined little cell is hyper-focused on one job and one job only. It wants to find an egg and make a baby. This single-cell organism can accomplish its mission through sex or in vitro fertilization.

In one little sperm, there is a total of 23 chromosomes—half of what you need to make a human. The egg contains the other 23. Together, they complete each other.

Though sperm has a long whip-like tail, it is not strong enough to travel on this long journey to the egg, they need a ride.


Semen
Luckily, sperm doesn't have to travel alone. Thanks to semen, sperm is carried away.

Semen, or seminal fluid, is an organic fluid created to contain and transport sperm, or spermatozoa, from the male reproductive tract into the female reproductive tract. Semen contains all the chemicals that a sperm cell could need. The seminal vesicles in the pelvis and the prostate provide these chemicals.

Like chips for a long road trip, semen needs to have fructose to give sperm the energy it needs. It also needs prostaglandins.

Prostaglandins have two main jobs. One is to help sperm swim to the egg or ovum through the female reproductive tract. The second is to induct sperm mobility.

When there is an imbalance in prostaglandins, this can result in male infertility or affect sperm motility.


Egg and Sperm
Upon ejaculation, the mixture of fluids rocket into the female reproductive tract.

The average ejaculation is around a single teaspoon of fluid. This small amount can carry an incredible sperm count: anywhere from 15 - 200 MILLION sperm.

When the egg and sperm meet it creates a zygote. This fertilized egg can then implant in the uterus resulting in a pregnancy. Only one egg is released per month in a menstrual cycle.

With a male reproductive system, one person can theoretically impregnate nine people, with a female reproductive system, per day! Therefore, in theory, in the time it takes the female reproductive system to turn out one baby, the male reproductive system can cause 2,430 pregnancies.

For centuries the responsibility of family planning and contraceptive use has leaned heavily on those with a female reproductive system. Half of all pregnancies are unplanned. Therefore, the need for contraceptive support to be available to all genders is vital in our path towards gender equality.


Sperm-targeting Contraception
MCI is on a mission to create a world where everyone has reproductive freedom. Through efforts in advocacy, education, and funding research efforts to lead to a sperm targeting birth control, we want to make family planning an equal playing field. We believe that everyone deserves reproductive autonomy.

This guides us as we evaluate opportunities for funding and advocacy support to develop new methods of male contraception or a non-hormonal, reversible male birth control (NHRMC). We would essentially be funding the creation of the male birth control pill.

We encourage you to join us on our journey and share your thoughts with us. To help us deliver the best content and advocacy possible, we'd like to know what "Reproductive Autonomy for All" means to you. Please share your thoughts via this survey today.

(This post was updated on March 7, 2025)

Nuts & Bolts: Semen vs. Sperm

To learn more about, please visit our series of posts about male reproduction and contraception:

Key terms:

Ovum - a mature female reproductive cell, especially of a human or other animal, which can divide to give rise to an embryo usually only after fertilization by a male cell.

Seminal fluid - another term for sperm.

​Zygote - a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.

For additional terminology related to male contraception and the male reproductive system, please visit our glossary:

Sources/References: 

Dewsbury, Donald A. (1972). "Patterns of Copulatory Behavior in Male Mammals". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 47: 1–33. doi:10.1086/407097. PMID 4553708. S2CID 6745690.

Mann, T (1954). "The Biochemistry of Semen". London: Methuen & Co; New York: John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved November 9, 2013.

Guyton, Arthur C. (1991). Textbook of Medical Physiology (8th ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 890–891. ISBN 0-7216-3994-1.

Owen, D. H.; Katz, DF (2005). "A Review of the Physical and Chemical Properties of Human Semen and the Formulation of a Semen Simulant". Journal of Andrology. 26 (4): 459–69. doi:10.2164/jandrol.04104. PMID 15955884.

Baker, R (1993). "Human sperm competition: Ejaculate adjustment by males and the function of masturbation". Animal Behaviour. 46 (5): 861.

Poiani, Aldo (July 2006). "Complexity of Seminal Fluid: A Review". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 60 (3): 295–296. doi:10.1007/s00265-006-0178-0. JSTOR 25063816. S2CID 12955573.

NG Hatfield (31 May 2008). "Proper Use of Ejaculatory Slang: Male Finishing School, Part I". Points in Case. Retrieved 1 December 2016.

Robert T. Francoeur, Raymond J. Noonan (2004) The Continuum Complete International Encyclopedia of Sexuality p.819

"Animal reproductive system - Male systems". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-02-20.

Fawcett, D. W. (1981) Sperm Flagellum. In: The Cell. D. W. Fawcett. Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company. 14: pp. 604-640.

​Hewitson, Laura & Schatten, Gerald P. (2003). "The biology of fertilization in humans". In Patrizio, Pasquale; et al. (eds.). A color atlas for human assisted reproduction: laboratory and clinical insights. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-7817-3769-2. Retrieved 2013-11-09.

For additional publications related to male contraception and the male reproductive system, please visit our publications page:

​The Male Contraceptive Initiative website provides a robust variety of information about the male birth control research and development ecosystem. We recommend visiting the following pages to help enrich your understanding of this critically important field:

Ejaculation is the discharge of semen from the male reproductive tract as a result of an orgasm. It is the final stage and natural objective of male sexual stimulation, and an essential component of natural conception.

When a man has achieved a sufficient level of stimulation, the orgasm and ejaculation begins. At this point, semen containing sperm is produced and is subsequently ejected through the urethra with the aid of muscular contractions.

​Most men experience what is called a ‘refractory period’ immediately following orgasm and ejaculation. During this time, they are unable to achieve another erection, with a longer period before they are capable of ejaculating again. It is common for a male to feel a deep sense of relaxation, particularly in the groin and thighs, during the refractory period, and its duration varies considerably among individuals. Typically younger males recover faster than older men, though this is not universally the case.
​
In rare cases, ejaculation occurs because of disease in the prostate. More commonly, it may also occur spontaneously during sleep (which is commonly referred to as a “nocturnal emission” or a "wet dream"). Anejaculation is the term for the condition of being unable to ejaculate. Ejaculation is intended to be and is usually pleasurable for men. However, when it is painful or displeasurable it is referred to as ‘dysejaculation’.

Retrograde ejaculation is the condition where semen travels backwards into the bladder rather than out the urethra. This is sometimes referred to as a ‘dry orgasm’ as little or no semen is ejaculated when this occurs. Though sexual climax still happens during this type of ejaculation and the act is not harmful when it occurs, it can lead to infertility in men.

Premature ejaculation is when ejaculation occurs before it is intended. Conversely, the inability to ejaculate in a timely manner after sexual stimulation is called ‘delayed ejaculation’ or ‘anorgasmia’.

​(This post was updated on March 6, 2025)

To learn more about, please visit our series of posts about male reproduction and contraception:

Key terms:

Anejaculation - the condition of being unable to ejaculate.

Anorgasmia - the medical term for regular difficulty reaching orgasm after ample sexual stimulation.

Orgasm - a climax of sexual excitement, characterized by feelings of pleasure centered in the genitals and (in men) experienced as an accompaniment to ejaculation.

Semen - the male reproductive fluid, containing spermatozoa in suspension.

​Urethra - ​the duct by which urine is conveyed out of the body from the bladder, and which in male vertebrates also conveys semen.

For additional terminology related to male contraception and the male reproductive system, please visit our glossary:

Sources/References:

​Koeppen, Bruce M.; Stanton, Bruce A. (2008). Berne & Levy Physiology. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Mosby. ISBN 978-0-323-04582-7.

Boron, Walter F.; Boulpaep, Emile L. (2005). Medical Physiology: A Cellular and Molecular Approach. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4160-2328-9.

Marieb, Elaine (2013). Anatomy & physiology. Benjamin-Cummings. p. 895. ISBN 978-0-321-88760-3.

Masters, W.H.; Johnson, V.E. (1970). Human Sexual Response. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.

Dunn, M.E.; Trost, J.E. (1989). "Male Multiple Orgasms: A Descriptive Study". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 18 (5): 377–387. doi:10.1007/BF01541970. PMID 2818169. S2CID 13647953.

​Wylie KR, ed. (2015). ABC of Sexual Health. John Wiley & Sons. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-118-66556-5.

For additional publications related to male contraception and the male reproductive system, please visit our publications page:

​The Male Contraceptive Initiative website provides a robust variety of information about the male birth control research and development ecosystem. We recommend visiting the following pages to help enrich your understanding of this critically important field:

The male condom is used by rolling it onto an erect penis before sexual intercourse. It works by creating a physical barrier that traps semen, preventing it from entering the body of a sexual partner. They are most commonly made of latex, though there are other forms.

Condoms are currently the only form of reversible, non-hormonal contraception for men. Male condoms and vasectomy are the only existing methods of birth control currently on the market for people with penises.

Some of the advantages of the male condom include:

• Ease of use
• Widespread access
• Limited or no side effects
• Useful as a contraceptive and in disease prevention
• Cost effectiveness (in the United States, they often cost less than $1)

However, the effectiveness of male condoms can vary greatly. With “perfect use”, the effectiveness rate can be as high as 98%. The “typical use” effectiveness rate is usually somewhere between 82-90%. This means that couples relying solely on condoms for birth control can experience a pregnancy as often as once every five times they have sex.

​Examples of condom-like devices can be found throughout history. However, these were largely limited to more affluent, upper class users. This changed in the mid-1800s when rubber vulcanization was patented; the first rubber condom was produced in 1855. With the invention of latex in 1920, condoms grew in popularity due to decreasing costs as well as their perceived efficacy in preventing sexually transmitted infections and diseases.

(This post was updated on March 3, 2025)

Nuts & Bolts: Condoms

To learn more about, please visit our series of posts about male reproduction and contraception:

Key terms:

Barrier device/method - a method of contraception using a device or preparation which prevents live sperm from reaching an ovum.

Erection - an enlarged and rigid state of the penis, typically in sexual excitement.

Semen - the male reproductive fluid, containing spermatozoa in suspension.

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) - an infection you can get by having sex. Some STIs (such as gonorrhea and chlamydia) infect your sexual and reproductive organs. Others (such as HIV, hepatitis B, and syphilis) cause general body infections. STIs used to be called VDs, or venereal diseases.

​Vasectomy - the surgical cutting and sealing of part of each vas deferens, typically as a means of sterilization.

For additional terminology related to male contraception and the male reproductive system, please visit our glossary:

Sources/References:

Hatcher, Robert Anthony; M.D, Anita L. Nelson (2007). Contraceptive Technology. Ardent Media. pp. 297–311.

Trussell, James (2011). "Contraceptive efficacy" (PDF). In Hatcher, Robert A.; Trussell, James; Nelson, Anita L.; Cates, Willard Jr.; Kowal, Deborah; Policar, Michael S. (eds.). Contraceptive technology (20th revised ed.). New York: Ardent Media. pp. 779–863. ISBN 978-1-59708-004-0. ISSN 0091-9721. OCLC 781956734.

Speroff, Leon; Darney, Philip D. (2011). A Clinical Guide for Contraception. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 305–307. ISBN 9781608316106. Archived from the original on 2016-11-14. World Health Organization (2019).

World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.

Shoupe, Donna (2011). Contraception. John Wiley & Sons. p. 15. ISBN 9781444342635.

Hatcher, RA; Trussel, J; Nelson, AL; et al. (2007). Contraceptive Technology (19th ed.). New York: Ardent Media. ISBN 978-1-59708-001-9. Archived from the original on May 31, 2008.

Sparrow, Margaret J.; Lavill, Kay (1994). "Breakage and slippage of condoms in family planning clients". Contraception. 50 (2): 117–129. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)90048-5.

"The Truth About Condoms" (PDF). Planned Parenthood. Katharine Dexter McCormick Library. 2011-07-01. Retrieved 2011-12-15.

Corina, H. (2007). S.E.X.: The All-You-Need-To-Know Progressive Sexuality Guide to Get You Through High School and College. New York: Marlowe and Company. pp. 207–210. ISBN 978-1-60094-010-1.

​Steiner, Markus J.; Cates, Willard; Warner, Lee (1999). "The Real Problem with Male Condoms is Nonuse". Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 26 (8): 459–462. doi:10.1097/00007435-199909000-00007.

For additional publications related to male contraception and the male reproductive system, please visit our publications page:

The Male Contraceptive Initiative website provides a robust variety of information about the male birth control research and development ecosystem. We recommend visiting the following pages to help enrich your understanding of this critically important field:

When it comes to contraception and family planning, women and people with uteruses have historically shouldered most of the burden. From pills to IUDs, the majority of contraceptive methods have been designed with women in mind. However, there is a growing need for more male contraceptive options that are safe, effective, and easy to use.

The benefits of male contraception are far-reaching. By allowing men to take an active role in family planning, male contraception can promote gender equality and provide greater reproductive autonomy. It can also reduce the incidence of unintended pregnancies, which can have a significant impact on maternal and child health outcomes. In addition, male contraception can play a key role in preventing the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Currently, the most common male contraceptive method is the condom. While condoms are highly effective at preventing pregnancy and reducing the transmission of STIs, they are not without their drawbacks. Some men report reduced sensitivity when using condoms, and they can be difficult to use correctly every time. Another option is vasectomy, a surgical procedure that involves cutting or blocking the vas deferens, the tubes that carry sperm from the testicles to the penis. While vasectomy is a highly effective form of contraception, it is a permanent method and not suitable for everyone.

The Need for More Male Contraceptive Options
Despite the benefits of male contraception, there are currently limited options available due to the fact that developing new contraceptive methods is a time-consuming and expensive process. Additionally, there has historically been less investment in male contraception research compared to women’s contraception as people with uteruses are those that have to physically carry a pregnancy.

However, recent advances in technology have led to promising developments in the field of male contraception. Researchers are exploring a range of new methods, including hormonal and non-hormonal options, that could provide men with safe, effective, and easy-to-use contraceptive choices.
Current male contraceptive delivery methods in development range from topical gels, hydrogel implants, and daily and on-demand gels.

Investment in Male Contraception Research
While there has been some progress in the development of new male contraceptive options, more investment is needed to bring these methods to market. This includes funding for research and development, as well as clinical trials to ensure the safety and efficacy of new methods. Pharmaceutical companies have traditionally been hesitant to invest in male contraception research, in part due to the high cost and long development timelines associated with bringing new methods to market. However, there are signs that this may be changing, with some companies beginning to invest in new male contraceptive options.
​
Male contraception has the potential to be a game-changer in the field of family planning and sexual health. By providing men with more options for contraception, we can promote gender equality, improve health outcomes, and reduce unintended pregnancies and STIs. While progress has been slow, there are promising developments on the horizon, and continued investment in research and development will be key to bringing new male contraceptive methods to market.

Public health initiatives have long relied on vaccination campaigns to prevent the spread of infectious diseases, saving countless lives and improving global health. As the field of male contraception continues to evolve, there are valuable lessons to be learned from the success of vaccination campaigns—lessons that can be applied to the development, distribution, and acceptance of new male contraceptive methods.

Vaccination campaigns are among the most successful public health interventions in history. They have eradicated diseases like smallpox, significantly reduced the incidence of polio, and continue to protect millions from influenza, measles, and other diseases. The success of these campaigns is due to a combination of scientific innovation, public education, and broad accessibility.

There are several key strategies from vaccination campaigns that could be adapted to promote male contraception:
​

1. Public Education: Just as public health officials have worked tirelessly to educate people about the benefits of vaccines, there is a need for comprehensive education about male contraception. This includes dispelling myths, addressing concerns, and highlighting the benefits of male contraceptive methods for both individuals and society.
2. Accessibility and Distribution: Vaccines are often provided at little or no cost through public health programs, making them accessible to a wide population. Similarly, male contraceptives should be made widely available and affordable, ensuring that men from all walks of life can access these options.
3. Community Engagement: Successful vaccination campaigns often involve community leaders and local organizations to build trust and encourage participation. Engaging communities in discussions about male contraception, and involving men in the development process, can help ensure that these methods are accepted and used effectively.

Just as vaccines have played a critical role in improving public health, male contraception has the potential to make a significant impact on global health. By providing men with more contraceptive options, we can help reduce the incidence of unplanned pregnancies, improve family planning, and ultimately contribute to better health outcomes for individuals and communities.

The lessons learned from vaccination campaigns offer a valuable blueprint for the development and promotion of male contraceptives. By applying these strategies, we can help ensure that male contraception becomes a widely accepted and utilized tool in the fight for reproductive health and family planning. Just as vaccines have transformed public health, male contraception has the potential to make a lasting impact on the lives of millions around the world.

​This blog series highlights pertinent publications that were featured in MCI's monthly newsletter editions in the fourth quarter of 2024. The purpose of this blog is to report interesting or relevant work from MCI Fellows, Grantees, staff members, and other community authors in the field of male contraception.

This review paper in the journal Contraception suggests that male contraception should be viewed through a “joint preventive behavior” sociocultural lens, and advocates for the development of a balanced suite of contraceptive tools for people of all genders. Preventing unwanted pregnancy is a shared responsibility involving individuals of any gender, shaped by the sociocultural environment that influences reproductive rights and contraceptive technologies. Historically, models of contraceptive practices have evolved from patriarchal structures to more balanced approaches emphasizing female emancipation. The concept of "joint preventive behavior" stresses the need for equal reproductive rights, responsibilities, and contraceptive choices. Developing diverse male contraceptive methods to fit individual needs is a crucial step toward achieving balanced collaboration in reproductive health.

This review paper from MCI Grantees Thomas Thomas Garcia and Marty Matzuk summarizes their excellent work identifying novel genes required for sperm development and using advanced screening techniques to develop small molecule inhibitors of these proteins, which could be developed into contraceptive leads. It focuses on identifying key genes involved in male fertility, particularly those influencing spermatogenesis and sperm motility, as potential targets for contraception. It underscores the integration of genomics, proteomics, and chemical biology in advancing male contraceptive development

This study explores the socioeconomic disparities affecting male contraceptive use in South Africa, with a focus on future male birth control methods. It highlights that while 40% of men use male contraception, there are significant inequalities in adoption, primarily influenced by socioeconomic status. The study suggests that higher socioeconomic status correlates with increased use of modern male contraceptive methods. These findings underline the need for strategies to promote male contraception, such as expanding educational campaigns and ensuring equitable access to new male birth control options, which are crucial for enhancing male participation in family planning and advancing reproductive health. “Notably, 78% [of men surveyed] disagreed that contraception is solely a woman's responsibility.”

In this review paper, Dr. Brian Nguyen suggests new ways to demonstrate that men are interested in using contraceptives. Despite the proven interest in new male contraceptives, limited resources and investments hinder development due to doubts about men's willingness to use them. Over 30 studies show consistent interest from men, suggesting that future efforts should focus on building infrastructure and promoting cultural changes to support the adoption of new methods. As societal norms shift towards gender equity, men’s involvement in contraception is likely to increase, highlighting the need for proactive development and dissemination of male contraceptives.

​​Are there any interesting publications about non-hormonal, reversible male contraception that you'd like to see featured? Please reach out to us and share your thoughts!

MCI recently had the privilege of collaborating with World Vasectomy Day organization at a summit in Lusaka, Zambia. This event brought together a diverse group of medical students and healthcare providers, all united by a common goal: to emphasize the crucial role of men in family planning.

The Importance of Male Involvement in Family Planning
Traditionally, the burden of family planning has often rested solely on women. While it is important for women to have contraceptive methods to choose from, current methods may not be suitable for all individuals and couples. Therefore, it's imperative to recognize that men play an equally vital role in reproductive health. By engaging men in family planning discussions and empowering them with knowledge, we can promote healthier families and stronger communities, shifting to encouraging men to play a more active role in preventing unintended pregnancies. This shift can lead to improved communication between partners, ensuring collaborative family planning.

The Power of Vasectomy
Vasectomy, a safe and effective form of male contraception, offers a long-lasting solution for family planning. Vasectomy is a surgical procedure that involves cutting or blocking the vas deferens, the tubes that carry sperm from the testicles to the penis, and is a permanent method of contraception. By undergoing this simple procedure, men can take an active role in family size decisions and reduce the risk of unintended pregnancies.

The Need for Comprehensive Training
It's incredibly important to train current and future medical providers on speaking with men about contraceptive options, not just women. By speaking with men about how they plan to participate in family planning, they can become aware of the methods that may or may not work for their female partners, and choose what method they may be able to use as a user of male birth control.

Vasectomy is a current method that men may use to prevent pregnancy. To ensure that vasectomy is widely accessible and performed correctly, it's essential to provide comprehensive training to healthcare providers. By equipping medical professionals with the necessary skills and knowledge, we can enhance the quality of vasectomy services and promote patient satisfaction. 

MCI's Commitment to Men's Health
MCI is dedicated to advancing men's health globally and was happy to collaborate with World Vasectomy Day in Zambia. We are committed to empowering men to make informed decisions about their reproductive health through advocating for additional male contraceptive methods, and providing education about current and future contraceptive methods. We aim to contribute to a healthier and more equitable future where all people can choose what male contraceptive methods work for them.

​We believe that by working together, we can break down barriers, challenge stereotypes, and create a world where men are active partners in family planning.

​This blog series highlights pertinent publications that were featured in MCI's monthly newsletter editions in the third quarter of 2024. The purpose of this blog is to report interesting or relevant work from MCI Fellows, Grantees, staff members, and other community authors in the field of male contraception.

This study, co-funded by MCI and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, showcases the demand across multiple markets for male contraception. The results of the study show that there is significant interest for novel male contraceptives in 7 distinct markets across 3 continents. Within the United States, nearly half of US men are interested in taking new male contraceptives after the Supreme Court’s Dobbs decision, which overturned Roe vs. Wade. Form (how you take the contraceptive) emerges as the top decision-making criteria in all countries (by a long way); variation in preferred form by country but less-invasive forms are clearly preferred. Female partners were also surveyed and it was found that trust in male partner use of contraceptives is generally high, alleviating a concern in the field that women would not trust male use. A new male method could result in substantial increases in Modern Method Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (mCPR) ranging from 14% to 46% depending on the country. 

Nearly half of pregnancies worldwide are unintended, highlighting the insufficiency of current contraceptive methods. The limited contraceptive options for men, compared to the many available for women, underscores the urgent need for new male contraceptive solutions. This review outlines ongoing research and development in male contraception, focusing on the distinctive concept of on-demand male contraception, where men can use contraceptives only as needed, offering flexibility and choice in family planning.

Over the past 70 years, reproductive medicine has seen major progress, primarily focused on female contraception. However, male contraceptive options remain limited to condoms and vasectomy. This review aims to present an overview of current male contraceptive use, encompassing both ethical and political perspectives. It also summarizes ongoing and future research on hormonal and non-hormonal male contraceptive methods, highlighting potential advancements in diversifying male contraceptive choices.

Retinoic acid, an active form of vitamin A, is vital for spermatogenesis, playing key roles in the differentiation of spermatogonia, meiosis, and production of mature spermatozoa. A deficiency in vitamin A disrupts spermatogenesis and causes germ cell degeneration, a condition that can be reversed with retinoic acid. While retinoic acid can sometimes restore fertility in males with reproductive disorders, its efficacy varies due to incomplete knowledge of its molecular mechanisms. High doses may negatively impact reproduction. Additionally, retinoic acid's involvement in spermatogenesis suggests potential for developing non-hormonal male contraceptives, highlighting its dual importance in fertility treatments and contraceptive research.

This paper reviews our current understanding of the question “How low do sperm counts, sperm motility, or other functional parameters have to be before they reliably prevent pregnancy?”. Spermatogenesis involves the transformation of spermatogonial stem cells into spermatozoa, regulated significantly by testosterone and supported by FSH. Hormonal contraceptive methods suppress key hormones like FSH and intratesticular testosterone, effectively reducing sperm production to levels that can prevent pregnancy. Clinical trials have shown that sperm concentrations suppressed to ≤1 million/mL are sufficient for contraceptive efficacy. New contraceptive agents may need to demonstrate complete inhibition of sperm motility or morphology. While at-home tests for sperm analysis have progressed, many lack validation against standardized laboratory methods and should be used cautiously.

​Are there any interesting publications about non-hormonal, reversible male contraception that you'd like to see featured? Please reach out to us and share your thoughts!